Data & Resources

HEAD START & EARLY HEAD START DATA

• HHS, Office of Head Start
• Head Start Program Facts: Fiscal Year 2021
• Head Start Program Stats (National, 2022)
• Head Start Program Stats (States, 2022)
• Office of Head Start - Program Information Report (PIR) Staff Qualifications Report (States 2022)
• Head Start Law –PL110-134, “Improving Head Start for School Readiness Act of 2007”
• Head Start Performance Standards
• Head Start Program Instructions (PIs)
• Head Start Information Memorandums
• Getting Ready for Kindergarten: Children's Progress During Head Start - FACES 2009 Child Outcomes Report
• Office of Head Start Tribal Report
• Early Head Start
• Early Head Start/Child Care Partnerships
• National Head Start Association

• NIEER Annual Preschool Report (2022)
• NIEER Executive Summary (2022)
• NIEER State Profiles (2022)
• NIEER (National Institute of Early Education Research) Annual Pre-K Report (2020 report)
• NIEER Annual Pre-K Report, Executive Summary (2020 report)
• NIEER Special Report: The COVID-19 Pandemic’s Impact on Preschool (2021)
• State Profiles (2020 report)
• State Pre-K Eligibility Levels
• Supporting Teachers in State Funded Pre-K (2019 report)
• State Pre-K Administration (2020 Report)
• Dr. James Heckman, the Heckman Equation (Return on Investment)
• Dr. Tim Bartik, Investing in Kids (Return on Investment)
• Meta-analysis on Early Learning Evaluations
• Video: Challenges and Solutions to Growing a Highly Qualified Pre-K Workforce in Cities (NIEER & City Health, 2019)

Federal Budget Update

• FY2017 Continuing Resolution (PL114-254).  Congress adjourned in December without passing a full year continuing resolution (CR). Instead, a short-term continuing resolution funding the government through April 28, 2017 was enacted. In order to stay within budget caps enacted as part of the 2015 budget law, a .19% across the board cut was applied.
• FY2016 Consolidated Appropriations Act (PL114-113).  The FY2016 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 114-113) was signed into law on December 18, 2015 and includes an increase of $5.4 billion for programs under the Departments of Labor, HHS and Education.
• FY2016 Funding Summary for Key Early Learning Programs 
• House Majority Summary of the 2016 Consolidated Appropriations Act
• House Democratic Summary of the 2016 Consolidated Appropriations Act

Child Care and Development Block Grant Related Data

Key Child Care Licensing Resources

• Number of Licensed Programs (Centers & Family Child Care Homes)
• Family Child Care Home State Licensing Thresholds (How many children can be in the home before a license is required by state)
• Trends in State Licensing: Child Care Centers and Family Child Care Homes (ACF, Nov. 2015)
• Trends in State Licensing: Child Care Centers and Small Family Child Care Homes and Group Family Child Care Homes for 2017 (ACF, March 2020)
• National Association for Regulatory Administration 2013 Child Care Licensing Study
• Child Care Center Staff:Child Ratios by State vs NAEYC Recommended Ratios
• Caring for Children Database (National Resource Center for Health and Safety)

Child Care Subsidy Research & Reports

TANF Funding Used for Child Care

U.S. Census Bureau

Bureau of Labor Statistics, Working Women

State Pre-Kindergarten Programs

National Assessment of Educational Progress (2022 & 2019 Report Results)

• 2022 NAEP main site
• 2022 NAEP 4th grade reading results: by Race & Ethnicity, by Free & Reduced Price Lunch vs Not Eligible for FRPL, U.S. and States overall
  
• 2019 Nation's Report Card Main Site
• 2019 4th & 8th Grade Math & Reading Results by category
• 2019 State Profiles: Reading
• 2019 State Profiles: Math
• 2019 District Profiles (Large Metro)

Studies Related to Diversity & Bias

The BUILD Initiative, 2016 QRIS Conference

• State Contacts and Map of State QRIS Implementation/Operation (2016)
• BUILD Initiative Plenary and Breakout Sessions

The BUILD Initiative, 2015 QRIS Conference

• BUILD Initiative Plenary and Breakout Sessions

The BUILD Initiative, 2014 QRIS Conference

• BUILD Initiative Plenary and Breakout Sessions

Early Childhood Workforce Data

• Early Educator Implicit Bias (Dr. Walter Gilliam, Yale University, Sept. 2016)
• Dr. Gilliam Slide Presentation (STAM 2016)
• STAM Plenary on Implicit Bias (STAM 2016)
• U.S. Dept. of Education, 2013-2014 Civil Rights Data Collection (Key Data Highlights)
• State of the Science: Implicit Bias Review 2015 (Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity)
• YOUNG LEARNERS, MISSED OPPORTUNITIES: Ensuring That Black and Latino Children Have Access to High-Quality State-Funded Preschool

Joint Tax Committee Estimates

• JCT Tax Expenditures Estimates
• JCT Revenue Estimates

HHS Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation (OPRE)

• National Survey of Early Care & Education (NSCE) related studies

• CCDF Policies Database (2019)
• National Center on Child Care Subsidy, Innovation and Accountability
• Child Care and Early Education Research Connection
• National Women's Law Center, Annual State Child Care Assistance Subsidy Report (2022) (June 2023 Report)
  
• State Child Care and Early Education Updates 2022: Progress on a Long Path (NWLC, December 2022)
  
• National Women's Law Center, The Child Care and Early Learning Workforce is Underpaid and Women are Paying the Price (May 2023)
• National Women's Law Center, Child Care Rescue: How States Are Using Their American Rescue Plan Act Child Care Funds (Nov. 2022)
• National Women’s Law Center, Annual Subsidy Report (2018)
• CLASP, Inequitable Access to Child Care Subsidies (2019)
• MILITARY CHILD CARE: Off-Base Financial Assistance and Wait Lists for On-Base Care (General Accountability Office, Dec. 2020)
• Urban Institute, Child Care Subsidies Can Provide Critical Support to Families during Unemployment  (Subsidy Receipt for Job Search Activities, February 2021)
• Urban Institute, Three Steps State Child Care Agencies Can Take to Support an Equitable Economic Recovery (March 2021)
• Effects of the CCDF Subsidy Program on the Employment Outcomes of Low Income Mothers (ASPE, 2016)
• Coordinated Efficiencies in Monitoring and Oversight of Early Care and Education Programs (HHS & USDA, 2016)

State Quality Rating and Improvement System (QRIS) Background

The BUILD Initiative, 2017 QRIS Conference

• State Contacts and Map of State QRIS Implementation/Operation (2017)
• Build Initiative Plenary and Breakout Sessions

State and Territory Administrators Meeting Presentations

State and Territory Child Care Administrators Meeting (STAM) 2020

State and Territory Child Care Administrators Meeting (STAM) 2019

State and Territory Child Care Administrators Meeting (STAM) 2018

State and Territory Child Care Administrators Meeting (STAM) 2017

State and Territory Child Care Administrators Meeting (STAM) 2016

Agenda at a Glance & Resource Documents

Race to the Top Early Learning Challenge Grant Background

• Women in the Labor Force: A Databook (2023)
• Employment Characteristics of Families (Released Spring 2023)
• Employment Status of Women by Children Under Age 3 (2017-2018)
• Highlights of Women’s Earnings (2017)
• Joint Economic Committee, Importance of Mothers for Family Economic Security (May 2014)
• Employer Costs for Employee, March 2020
• Women's Labor Force Participation by Presence and Age of Children (Women's Bureau)
• Mothers and Families, Labor Force Participation (CPS)
• Dept. of Labor, Women's Bureau, Mothers and Families tablesMothers and Families tables
  
• Mothers’ employment has surpassed pre-pandemic levels, but the child care crisis persists (BLS, May 2024)
  
• Eco-mom-ics: 5 fast facts about mothers in the U.S. economy (BLS, May 2024)
  
• BLS Women's Bureau Family Status/Labor Force Participation Data (2023)
  
• BLS Data and Statistics, Trends and current Data for Mothers and Families (2023)
  

FY2018 Omnibus Appropriations

• P.L. 115-141 was enacted on 3/23/18 to fund government operations through the end of the fiscal year (September 30, 2018).  More detail is available here.

Continuing Resolutions

• P.L. 115-123 was enacted to continue government operations from 2/8/18 - 3/23/18.  P.L. 115-120 was enacted to continue government operations from 1/22/18 – 2/8/18. P.L. 115-96 was enacted to continue government operations from 12/22/17 – 1/19/18. P.L. 115-90 was enacted to continue government operations from 12/8/17 – 12/22/17.  P.L. 115-56 was enacted to continue government operations from 9/8/17 – 12/8/17.  
• FY2018 Senate Appropriations. The Senate Appropriations Committee has approved its version of the FY2018 Labor, HHS, and Education Appropriations bill. The Senate FY2018 Labor, HHS and Education Appropriations bill summary here is here. The Senate Committee report is here and the bill text is here.
• FY2018 House Appropriations:  The House Appropriations Committee has approved its verson of the FY2018 Labor, HHS, and Education Appropriations bill. Learn more here.  The House FY2018 Labor, HHS and Education Appropriations bill summary is here. The House Committee report is here and the bill text is here.
• FY2018 Proposed Budget: On May 23, President Trump proposed his FY2018 budget. President Trump's FY2018 proposed budget for HHS is here. His proposed budget for the Administration for Children and Families is here.  His FY2018 proposed budget for the Department of Education is here.  The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) list of tax expenditures is here.
• FY2018 President Trump Proposed Funding for Key Early Learning Programs
• FY2017 Omnibus Appropriations Act (PL115-31) was enacted on May 4, 2017 to fund government programs through the end of the fiscal year (September 30, 2017). A summary of the FY2017 Labor, HHS, and Education section of the measure is here.  A more detailed document is contained within Division H, here.
• FY2017 Omnibus Funding Summary for key Early Learning Programs

Mecklenburg County, NC

Early Childhood Expansion Initiative

• Mecklenburg County News Release (Sept. 26, 2017)
• Creating Opportunity: An Action Plan for Early Childhood Education, A Report by the Mecklenburg County Early Childhood Education Executive Committee (Sept. 26, 2017)
  
• Executive Summary
• Polling Brief Summary
• Infographic
• Board of County Commissioners' Presentation (Sept. 26, 2017 video)

HHS, Office of Child Care

Funding:

• GY2024 CCDF Allocations (Based on Appropriations)
• GY2023 CCDF Allocations (Based on Appropriations)
• GY2022 CCDF Allocations (Based on Appropriations, July 2022)
• GY 2021 CCDF Allocations (Based on Appropriations, May 2021)
• FY2020 Federal Child Care Funding by State
• FY2020 CARES Act $3.5 billion increase by state
• FY2019 CCDF Allocations
• FY2018 CCDF Allocations 
• FY2017 CCDF Allocations
• FY2016 CCDF State Allocations
• FY2020 CCDF Expenditures
• FY2019 CCDF Expenditures, FY2018 CCDF Expenditures
  
• FY2017 CCDF Expenditure Data, FY2016 CCDF Expenditure Data
• FY2015 CCDF Expenditure Data 

Policy Background:

• CCDBG Act of 2014 (Text of Law)
• 2016 CCDBG Final Regulations
• Child Care State Plan Links (FY2019-2021)
• Preliminary Reports from FY2022-2024 State and Territory CCDF Plan Preprint
• 1996 CCDBG Law
• 1998 CCDBG Regulations
• Estimates of FY2016 Eligibility and Receipt of Child Care Assistance (2019)

Prior Year CCDBG Data

• Child Care Wages (May 2023)
• Preschool Teacher Wages (May 2023)
• Head Start Wages (May 2023)
• Kindergarten Teacher Wages (May 2023)
• Comparison of Early Educator Wages (May 2023)

Bureau of Labor Statistics, Wages

The BUILD Initiative, 2019 QRIS Conference

• State Contacts and Map of State QRIS Implementation/Operation (2019)
• Build Initiative Plenary and Breakout Sessions

The BUILD Initiative, 2018 QRIS Conference

• State Contacts and Map of State QRIS Implementation/Operation (2018)
• Build Initiative Plenary and Breakout Sessions

FY2019 Omnibus Appropriations

On September 18, 2018 the Senate approved HR 6157, the “minibus” reflecting a combined FY2019 Department of Defense and Labor, HHS, and Education appropriations conference report by a vote of 93-7. The measure also included an extension of funding authority through December 7, 2018 for annual appropriation bills not yet approved.  More information can be found here.

• HR 6157, FY2019 Dept. of Defense and Labor, HHS, and Education Conference Report
• Senate Appropriations Committee FY2019 Labor, HHS, and Education bill text
• Senate Committee Report
• House Appropriations Committee FY2019 Labor, HHS, and Education bill text
• House Committee Report

The Committee for Economic Development (CED)

• Child Care in State Economies: 2019 Update
• ECE Workforce Clearinghouse
• ECE Workforce Investment Tax Credit

The Bipartisan Policy Center (BPC)

Creating an Integrated Efficient Early Care and Education System to Support Children and Families: A State-by-State Analysis (December 2018)

• State Profiles

• Mecklenburg County News Release (February 2019)
• Implementation Progress Report: Mecklenburg County Action Plan for Early Childhood Education, 2019 Update (February 2019)
• Executive Summary (February 2019)
• MECK Pre-K Makes $6.2m Private Fundraising Goal (June 2019)

Poverty:

• Poverty in the United States: 2022 (September 2023)
  
• Poverty in the United States: 2021 (September 2022)
• Poverty: Expansions to Child Tax Credit Contributed to 46% Decline in Child Poverty Since 2020 (September 2022)
• Supplemental Poverty Measure: Supplemental Poverty Measure That Accounts For Additional Government Benefits Lowest on Record at 7.8% (September 2022)
• Poverty tables (September 2022)
• Supplemental Poverty Measure Tables (September 2022)

Income:

• Income in the United States: 2022 (September 2023)
  
• Income in the United States: 2021 (September 2022)
  
• Increase in Income Inequality Driven by Real Declines in Income at the Bottom (September 2022)
  
• Income tables (September 2022)

Health Insurance:

• Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2022 (September 2023)
  
• Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2021 (September 2022)
  
• More Children Were Covered by Medicaid and CHIP in 2021 (September 2022)
  
• Public Coverage Increased for All Workers, Private Coverage Declined for Full-Time, Year-Round Workers (September 2022)
  

Past Reports:

• Income and Poverty in the United States: 2020 (Released September 2021)
• The Supplemental Poverty Measure: 2020 (Released September 2021)
• The Supplemental Poverty Measure: 2020 (Background, Census Bureau, 2021)
• Parrott: Today’s Census Data Show That Vigorous Policies Kept 53 Million People Above Poverty Line in 2020 (Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, September 2021)
• Income and Poverty in the United States: 2019 (Released September 2020)
• Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Status in the United States: 2018 (Released September 2019)
• Detailed Poverty Tables (2019)
• Community Resilience Estimates (Census Bureau Dashboard)
• 2022 Federal Poverty Thresholds (January 2022)
• 2022 Federal Poverty Thresholds By Percentage of Poverty (ASPE, 2022)
• Poverty Measure That Includes Government Assistance Increased to 12.4% in 2022, When Pandemic Relief Ended (September 2023)
  
• Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2022 (September 2023)
  

Child Care:

• Who’s Minding the Kids? Child Care Arrangements Spring 2011 (Full Report)
• Who’s Minding the Kids? Spring 2011 Detailed Tables

Committee for Economic Development

• Child Care in State Economies: 2024 Update, Part 1: Recent Trends in Paid Child Care Usage (2024)
• The Economic Impact of Paid Child Care in the U.S., 4 Part Series (2022)
• Early Childhood Educator Workforce Tax Credit Toolkit
• State Tax Credits for Child Care
• 2019 Economic Impact Report
• COVID Resources

FY2020 CCDBG Data

• FY2020 CCDBG Data Tables (Preliminary)
• FY2019 CCDBG Data Tables
• FY2018 CCDBG Data Tables
• FY2017 CCDBG Data Tables
• FY2016 CCDBG Data Tables
• FY2015 CCDBG Data Tables
• FY2014 CCDBG Data Tables
• Prior Years

FY2020 Omnibus Appropriations

On December 20, 2019, the FY2020 non-defense consolidated appropriations bill (HR 1865, PL116-94) was signed into law containing 8 appropriations bills including the FY2020 Labor, HHS, and Education Appropriations measure and a revenue package. The FY2020 defense and related agencies consolidated appropriations bill (HR 1158, PL116-93) was also signed into law on December 20.

• Text of HR 1865, the non-defense consolidated appropriations bill (PL116-94)
• Committee report description of the provisions contained in the FY2020 Labor, HHS and Education section (referred to as Division A)
• Section by Section Summary of the Consolidated Appropriations Measure (PL116-94)
• Joint Tax Committee Estimate of Tax Package: "Estimated Budget Effects Of The Revenue Provisions Contained In The House Amendment To The Senate Amendment To H.R. 1865, The Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020"

The CARES Act, March 2020

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, March 27, 2020 (P.L.116-136)

• Senate Appropriations Committee Appropriations Summary (March 25, 2020)
   

The Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA), March 18, 2020, (P.L.116-127)

• House Appropriations Committee Summary (March 16, 2020)
   

Fiscal Year 2020 Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, March 6, 2020, (P.L. 116-123)

• Senate Appropriations Committee Summary, March 4, 2020

• Child Care Workforce Licensing Database (Bipartisan Policy Center, 2024)
• Top-Down, Bottom-Up: Building a State Child Care Center Workforce (Bipartisan Policy Center, March 2024)
  
• Early Childhood Workforce Index, Center for the Study of Child Care Employment, February 2021
• Early Childhood Workforce Index, Full Report, February 2021
• What We Know, Don't Know, and Should Know About the Child Care Workforce (Bipartisan Policy Center, April 30, 2024) State Profiles.

Early Childhood Alliance and Child Care Solutions, Onondaga County, NY

• Transforming the Early Childhood Landscape in Onondaga County to Promote School Readiness (June 2019)
• Transforming the Early Childhood Landscape (Executive Summary, June 2019)
• Infographic
• Video (2022)

Bipartisan Policy Center, Child Care in 25 States: What we know and don't know, Full Report (October 2020)

• Webinar
• Slide Deck
• Interactive Map
• Mapping Methodology

• Child Care Gap Assessment (35 States)
• The Economic Impact of America’s Child Care Gap (November 2021)
• State Challenges to Spending Historic Levels of Child Care Funding (October 2021)
• Best Practices for Family Child Care Facilities: Supporting Our Youngest Learners (October 2021)

• Why do parents pay so much for child care when early educators earn so little? (Center for the Study of Child Care Employment, Infographic
• The Cost of Raising a Child (USDA)
• Voters Will Tax Themselves for Kids (Children's Funding Project (October 2021)

Child Care Cost Infographics

Child Care Facilities

• Early Learning Facilities Policy Framework (Bipartisan Policy Center, November 2018)
• From the Ground Up: Improving Child Care and Early Learning Facilities (Bipartisan Policy Center, May 2019)
• Child Care Facilities: Quality Matters (Bipartisan Policy Center, March 2020)
• Child Care Infrastructure and COVID-19: A New Reality (Bipartisan Policy Center, June 2020)
• Community Development Financial Institutions for Child Care: An Explainer (Bipartisan Policy Center, 2020)
• Biden-Harris Administration Transition Memo, Opportunities for Advancing the Nation’s Early Care and Learning Infrastructure (National Children's Facilities Network, Dec. 2020)
• How States Can Improve Child Care Facilities & Physical Spaces Using Federal Relief Dollars (National Children's Facilities Network, et al, May 2021)
• Child Care Gap Assessment (Bipartisan Policy Center, 2020 & 2021)
• Why a Federal Investment in Quality Child Care Facilities is Necessary (Bipartisan Policy Center, May 2021)
• What works in supporting early care and education: CDFIs tackle market challenges (June 2020, Minneapolis Federal Reserve)
• Child Care Cost Modeling Needs Link with Grants or Contracts (Build Back Better Act, October 2021)
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Child Care & U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Development, Joint Resource Guide: To strengthen and expand child care facilities in rural communities (2021) 
• From the Ground Up: Improving Child Care and Early Learning Facilities, 2023 Update (BPC, August 2023)
• Co-Locating Early Care and Education Facilities with Affordable Housing in Oregon, Low Income Investment Fund (LIIF) Report to the Oregon Joint Committee on Ways and Means, 2022
  
• Building Better for Families: Policies for Co-Locating Homes & Child Care, Low Income Investment Fund (LIIF) and the National Children's Facilities Network, 2021
  
• 26 U.S. Code § 42 - Low-income housing credit

• Race to the Top Early Learning Challenge Grants -- Phase 3 Awards (2013)
• Race to the Top Early Learning Challenge Grants – Phase 1 Awards (2011)
• Race to the Top Early Learning Challenge Grants – Phase 2 Awards (2012)
• Annual Performance Reports (2016 reports)

COVID-19 Congressional Action in Brief:

The FY2021 Consolidated Appropriations and COVID-19 Emergency Relief Act (December 27, 2021, (P.L. 116-260)

• Summary of FY2021 Appropriations 
• Summary of the COVID-19 Relief Provisions 
• Division H - Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations Explanatory Statement 
• Summary of Authorizing Statutory Changes
   

COVID-19 Relief: Child Care Funding Increase ($10 billion)

• Child Care Statutory Language (December 27, 2020)
   

COVID-19 Relief: SBA Paycheck Protection Program & EIDL

• Summary of the SBA provisions by the House Small Business Committee (December 27, 2020) 
• Section by Section of the PPP and EIDL provisions (December 27, 2020)
   

COVID-19 Relief: Unemployment Compensation

• Unemployment Extension & Modification Summary by the House Ways & Means Committee (December 27, 2020)
   

COVID-19 Relief: Tax Extenders

• Summary of Tax Provisions (December 27, 2020) 
• Joint Tax Committee Revenue Estimates  (December 27, 2020)

• 2022 HHS Poverty Guidelines (January 2022)
• 2023 HHS Poverty Guidelines (January 2023)
• 2024 HHS Poverty Guidelines (January 2024)

TANF Reports

• The Intersection of TANF and Child Care (Bipartisan Policy Center, March 2021)
• FY2019 State TANF Data (HHS, Office of Family Assistance)
• 2020 TANF Caseload Data (HHS, Office of Family Assistance)
• TANF Data Collaborative
• Exemplary Data Use by State TANF Agencies: Beyond Routine Reports and Analyses (OPRE, 2022)
  
• A Compendium of Administrative and Survey Data Resources in the Administration for Children and Families (OPRE, 2020)
  

Internal Revenue Service Data

• SOI Tax Stats - Individual Statistical Tables by Size of Adjusted Gross Income
• SOI Tax Stats
• How to Choose a Tax Return Preparer

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

• Education at a Glance, 2020 OECD Indicators (OECD, Paris, 2020)
• Quebec’s Childcare Program at 20: How it has done, and what the rest of Canada can learn (2018)
• Twelve Flawed Statements of the Fraser Institute on Quebec’s Childcare Program (Pierre Fortin, Dept. of Economics, University of Quebec, 2017)

• Recovery Package Should Permanently Include Families With Low Incomes in Full Child Tax Credit (Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, September 2021)
• How a Permanent Expansion of the Child Tax Credit Could Affect Poverty (Urban Institute, July 2021)
• Expanded Child Tax Credit Leads to Further Decline in Child Poverty in August 2021 (Center for Poverty and Social Policy, September 2021)
• The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC): How It Works and Who Receives It (CRS, January 2021)
• The Child Tax Credit: How It Works and Who Receives It (CRS, January 2021)
• The Child Tax Credit: The Impact of the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA; P.L. 117-2) Expansion on Income and Poverty (CRS, July 2021)
• State Fact Sheets: How Are Families Using the Child Tax Credit? (Annie E. Casey Foundation, September 2021)
• Federal Child Tax Credit Overview (including state level child tax credits)  (National Conference of State Legislatures, October 2021)
• IRS Child Care Tax Credit Non-filer Sign-Up Tool (IRS)
• State Child Tax Credit Enactments (National Conference of State Legislatures, October 2021)
• Employer-Provided Child Care Credit: Estimated Claims and Factors Limiting Wider Use (GAO, February 2022)
• IRS Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit Publications and Forms (March 2022)
• COVID-19: IRS Implemented Tax Relief for Employers Quickly, but Could Strengthen Its Compliance Efforts (GAO-22-104280, May 2022)
• The Employer-Provided Child Tax Credit (45F) (BPC, November 2022)
  
• The 45F Tax Credit for Employer-Provided Child Care (Congressional Research Service, April 2023)
  
• Interactions Between the CDCTC, DCAP, and 45F (BPC, July 2023)
  

Tax Credits 

Westchester County, NY

Access to Child Care Care: The Key to Economic Recovery in Westchester County (September 2021)

• Full Report
• Executive Summary

Nontraditional Hour Child Care

• State Snapshots of Potential Demand for and Policies to Support Nontraditional-Hour Child Care (Urban Institute, July 2021)

Monthly Comparisons for Selected State Tax Collections

• 2021 to 2020 Monthly Comparisons for Selected State Tax Collections

U.S. Census Bureau

National Center for Education Statistics

• School Enrollment Rates of Young Children (May 2021)
• Early Childhood Care Arrangements: Choices and Costs (May 2018)
• Number of children under 6 years old and not yet enrolled in kindergarten, percentage in center-based programs, average weekly hours in nonparental care, and percentage in various types of primary care arrangements, by selected child and family characteristics: 2016

Urban Institute

• Kids' Share 2021: Report on Federal Expenditures on Children through 2020 and Future Projections (Urban Institute, November 2021)
• Increasing Access to Quality Child Care for Four Priority Populations, Challenges and Opportunities with CCDBG Reauthorization (Urban Institute, 2018).
• Assessing Child Care Subsidies through an Equity Lens: A Review of Policies and Practices in the Child Care and Development Fund (Urban Institute, 2021)
  
• Strategies for States to Improve Safety Net Program Access and Efficiency (Urban Institute, February 2022)
• Seven Ways States Can Make Child Care Subsidies More Accessible and Equitable (Urban Institute, February 2022)
• Using Child Care Subsidy Payment Rates and Practices to Incentivize Expansions in Supply (Urban Institute, September 2022)
  
• Toward Pay Equity: A Case Study of Washington DC’s Wage Boost for Early Childhood Educators (Urban Institute, June 2023)
• Means-Tested State Prekindergarten Programs Are More Segregated Than Universal Prekindergarten Programs (Urban Institute, June 2023)
• Assessing Child Care Subsidies through an Equity Lens: A Review of Policies and Practices in the Child Care and Development Fund (Urban Institute, 2021)
  

Local Financing

• Local Funding for Early Learning: A Community Toolkit (North Carolina Early Childhood Foundation)
• Financing Prenatal-to-Three Services: Local Approaches (Center for the Study of Social Policy, March 2020)
• Zaentz Navigator: A Strategic Tool for Early Education

Cost Modeling Tools and Reports

• P-5 Fiscal Strategies - Cost Model Tools and Reports
• Minnesota Dept. of Human Resources, MN Cost Modeling Report, August 2020
• District of Columbia, Office of the State Superintendent of Education (OSSE), Modeling the Cost of Child Care in the District of Columbia, 2018.
• The Provider Cost of Quality Calculator (PCQC)
• At hospitals, food halls, and ski resorts, Colorado effort helps employers create on-site child care (EPIC 2022)
  
• Quality Child Care in Colorado, A Cost Study (Bell Policy Center, 2022)
• Estimating the Cost of Quality Early Childhood Care and Education in Oklahoma (Rand Corporation, 2020)
• Making Quality Ends Meet: 2019-2021 Cost Projections for Arkansas Early Childhood Care & Education (UAMS, 2021)
• Dallas, Texas. The Cost of Quality Child Care Study: A Community Release and Recommendations (Anne Mitchell, 2017)
• Colorado. Bearing the Cost of Early Care and Education in Colorado: An Economic Analysis (Early Milestones Colorado, 2017)
• New Mexico. Understanding the cost of quality child care in New Mexico: A cost estimation model to inform subsidy rate setting (P-5 Fiscal Strategies, 2021)
• Defining Narrow Cost Analysis (Urban Institute, 2022)
• Approaches to Narrow Cost Analysis (Urban Institute, January 2023)
• Cost Modeling Analysis and Market Rate Survey - Why Child Care Needs Both (Bipartisan Policy Center, December 2022)
• Cost Modeling for Child Care, Illuminating State Policy Strategies (BPC, August 2023)

Business Initiatives

• These 17 Companies Help Employees With Child Care (Penny Hoarder, October 2021)
• Flexible benefits in the workplace (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2021)
• YMCA of San Diego County: Elevating Employer Supported Child Care Solutions (November 2021)
• Employers Consider Child Care Subsidies (SHRM, September 2020)
• Can Advocates in Red States Make the Business Case for Child Care? (EdSurge, August 2022)
  
• The Workforce Of Tomorrow Requires A Child Care System Fit For The Future (Forbes, August 2022)
  
• Michigan Tri-Share Pilot (2022)
• Committee for Economic Development (CED) Employer Podcast Series (2022)
• Rural town tries innovative solution to child care crisis (MN, December 2022)
  
• How South Dakotans are making child care affordable and available (2022)
  
• Family Forward Child Care Business Toolkit
• U.S. Chamber Business Child Care Toolkit
• NYC Business Child Care Toolkit
• Will CHIPS Child Care Plans Displace Children Currently Being Served? (BPC, April 2023)
  
• State-Employer Partnership Grants (1 page summary, October 2023)
• Reimagining Childcare For Frontline And Hourly Workers (UPS- Forbes, October 2023)
  
• Parents need child care, and more are finding it at work (The Hill, November 11, 2023)
  
• Newest way to woo workers: Child care at airports, schools and poultry plants (Washington Post, October 2023)
  
• How Child Care in Rural Areas Can Unlock Economic Potential (BPC, November 1, 2023)
  
• Boston Consulting Group and Moms First, Child Care ROI (March 2024)

• Child Care is a Business Affair (BPC, December 2021)
• Child Care in Rural America – What Have We Learned? (October 2021)

American Rescue Plan (P.L. 117-2, March 2021)

Read about the American Rescue Plan here.

• The Effects of Child Care Subsidies on Maternal Labor Force Participation in the United States (HHS, ASPE, Dec. 2016)
• Effects of the CCDF Subsidy Program on the Employment Outcomes of Low-Income Mothers, Technical Paper (HHS, ASPE, Dec. 2016)
• The Role of Affordable Child Care in Promoting Work Outside the Home (White House, The Council of Economic Advisors, Dec. 2019)
• The Economic Role of Paid Child Care in the U.S. (CED, February 2022)
• Demographic Changes in Employment during the COVID-19 Pandemic (Census Bureau, February 2022)
• Educational Attainment in the United States: 2021 (U.S. Census Bureau, February 2022)
• Child Care Subsidies Help Married Moms Continue Working, Bring Greater Pay Equity (Census Bureau, October 2021)
• Child Care Subsidies and the Labor Force Outcomes for Working Married Mothers (Census Bureau, 2021 Working Paper)
• About Two-thirds of the 23.5 Million Working Women with Children Under 18 Worked Full-Time in 2018 (Census Bureau, 2020)
• The Number of People Primarily Working From Home Tripled Between 2019 and 2021 (Census Bureau, September 15, 2022)
  
• Prime-age women are going above and beyond in the labor market recovery (Brookings, August 2023)
  
• Child Care in State Economies: 2024 Update, Part 1: Recent Trends in Paid Child Care Usage (CED, January 2024)

Labor Force Participation and Use of Child Care

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

• Employed parents of children under 13 spent more time providing secondary childcare in 2020 (February 2022)
• Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment, 2021
• Nebraska had the highest proportion of employed people in 2022 (March 2023)
  
• Labor force participation rate for women highest in the District of Columbia in 2022 (BLS, Economics Daily, March 2023)
  
• Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey
• Share of Remote Workers Tripled from 2019 to 2021, Most Were Women (Census Bureau, May 2023)
  
• One out of five workers teleworked in August 2023 (BLS, Economics Daily, September 2023)
• Telework or work at home for pay, Data Tables (BLS, September 2023)
  
• Women in the Workforce (BLS, March 2024)
• Women's Employment Barbie Style (BLS, March 2024)

Business and Tax Resources

• Child Care Business Resiliency Support Evaluation - NJ (Luminary, 2021)
• New Jersey Child Care 2019 Tax Analysis Report (Luminary, October 2021)
• Confidence in Quality Tax Prep Rubric© for Child Care Providers (Luminary, 2021)
• How to Keep Employees Productive: Support Caregivers (Harvard Business School, January 2024)
  

Child Trends

• An Applied Research Agenda on Black Children and Families to Advance Practices and Policies That Promote Their Well-being (March 2022)
• Facts About the U.S. Black Population (Pew Foundation, March 2021)
• State-level Data for Understanding Child Poverty - Interactive (September 11, 2022)
• Expanded Safety Net Drives Sharp Drop in Child Poverty (NYT, Jason DeParle, September 11, 2022)
  
• What a New Study Gets Wrong About Child Poverty and the Social Safety Net (American Enterprise Institute, September 14, 2022)
  
• Professional Characteristics of the Child Care and Early Education Workforce in 2012 and 2019: Descriptions by Race and Ethnicity, Languages Spoken, and Nativity Status (August 2023)
  

Economic Policy Institute (EPI)

• Family Budget Calculator

New Mexico Child Care Education Association (NMCCEA)

• Toward A Consensus Vision for Early Childhood Development in New Mexico (October 2018)
• Executive Summary

Guaranteed Income Projects that Support Home-Based Care

• Home Grown: Thriving Providers Project (September 2022)
• Child Care: Invaluable and Undervalued (Yes! August 2022)
• In Her Hands, A Guaranteed Income Project (Georgia Resilience & Opportunity Fund)

National Association of Counties (NACO)

• NACo Legislative Toolkit: Federal Policy Levers for Stabilizing the Child Care Industry
• NACO: Counties for Kids
• NACO: The County Human Services and Education Landscape

• HHS, Office of Family Assistance
• FY2021 TANF Expenditures
• FY2020 TANF Expenditures
• FY2020 Federal TANF and State MOE Spent on Child Care (National)
• FY2020 TANF Transferred to CCDBG by State
• FY2020 Federal TANF Expenditures on Child Care and Pre-K by State
• FY2020 State TANF MOE Expenditures on Child Care and Pre-k by State
• FY2020 All TANF Expenditures by State including MOE
• FY2019 TANF Expenditures, FY2018 TANF Expenditures
• FY2017 TANF Expenditures, FY2016 TANF Expenditures
• FY2015 TANF Expenditures, FY2014 TANF Expenditures
• FY2013 TANF Expenditures, FY2012 TANF Expenditures
• FY2011 TANF Expenditures, FY2010 TANF Expenditures
• FY2020 - FY2010 Summary All Child Care Data

Integrated Efficient Early Care and Education Systems, Revisiting a State by State Analysis (BPC, January 2023) Webinar and Panel Discussion.

Tax Foundation

• State Tax Changes Taking Effect January 1, 2023
• Why Congress Is More to Blame than IRS for $26 Billion in Refundable Tax Credit Overpayments (June 2023)
  
• U.S. Treasury Department, Fiscal Year 2022 Improper Payment Reporting Requirements Were Largely Met; However, Improper Payment Estimates Are Less Precise (2023)
• Improper Payments: Fiscal Year 2022 Estimates and Opportunities for Improvement (GAO, March 2023)
  

U.S. Poverty Guidelines

Washington Post, Department of Data Blogs

Why the South has such low credit scores (February 2023)

FY2023 Consolidated Appropriations, FY2022 Consolidated Appropriations, and FY2021 Consolidated Appropriations can be viewed here.

Parent Preference Studies

• Parents’ Child Care Experiences During the Pandemic (Urban Institute, April 2023)
  
• Parents’ Reflections on Searching for Child Care during the Pandemic (Urban Institute, April 2023)
  
• Parent Preferences in Family, Friend, Neighbor, and Nanny Care, A Study of Family, Friend, Neighbor (FFN), and Nanny Care in California - Part One (CSCCE, May 2023)
  
• Most Parents Don’t Have Any Formal Child Care Arrangements (Census Bureau, November 2023)
  
• Parent Surveys (Bipartisan Policy Center)
• Parental Search and Selection of Child Care and Early Education: A Literature Review. OPRE Report 2024-082. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2024.
  

• Wages of the Center-Based Child Care and Early Education Workforce: Findings from the 2019 National Survey of Early Care and Education, OPRE
  Report #2023-062. (HHS, OPRE, 2023)
  
• Turnover in the Center-based Child Care and Early Education Workforce: Findings from the 2019 National Survey of Early Care and Education, OPRE Report #2023-061 (HHS, OPRE, 2023)

Education K-12

• 50-State Comparison: State K-3 Policies (Education Commission of the States, June 2023)
• National Center for Education Statistics, National Household Education Surveys
• National Center for Education Statistics, National Household Education Surveys, Early Childhood Participation, 2019
• National Center for Education Statistics, National Household Education Surveys, Early Child Care in Single-Parent and Two-Parent Families: 2019

Shared Services Resources

• Opportunities Exchange Shared Services National Conference (October 2023)

Alabama (VOICES for Alabama's Children, Alabama Partnership for Children, and Alabama School Readiness Alliance)

• Child Care in Alabama: A Roadmap to Support Alabama’s Parents, Children, Employers and Economy (February 2024)
  

• IRS Schedule C, Understanding Business Deductions (1 pager, March 2024) English & Spanish
  
• IRS Form 8829 - Understanding Shared Expense Deductions (1 pager, March 2024) English &  Spanish
  
• Time-Space Percentage Explainer (1 pager, March 2024) English & Spanish
  
• IRS Schedule C Expense Worksheet (Explained Expense List adjacent to IRS Schedule C Form, March 2024) English & Spanish
  
• IRS Form 8829 Shared Expense Worksheet (Explained Shared Expenses List adjacent to IRS Form 8829 Form, March 2024) English & Spanish
  
• Time-Space Worksheet (Excel tool to calculate time-space percentage, March 2024) English & Spanish
  
• Monthly Business Expense Tracker (Excel) English & Spanish
• Business Use Time Tracker for FCC Providers English & Spanish
• Monthly Attendance and Payment Log English & Spanish

• In the Shadows: What We Know, Don't Know, and Should Know About the Child Care Workforce (Bipartisan Policy Center, 2024)
• Early Childhood Education, What Do We Know and What Should We Do? (Center on Children and Families at Brookings, 2023)