The Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG)
Congressional Action
On November 19, 2014, the President signed the Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG) Act of 2014 into law (PL113-186). The bipartisan measure marks the first time in 18 years that Congress has passed legislation to strengthen the quality of child care.
The Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG) allocates funds to states to assist families in affording child care and to strengthen the quality of child care. State child care policies vary greatly.
CCDBG RESOURCES:
KEY STATE BY STATE TABLES
KEY LICENSING BACKGROUND
KEY SENATE HEARINGS
KEY HOUSE HEARINGS
Janet Singerman, President & CEO, Child Care Resources Inc., Charlotte, NC 7/26/12
Paula Koos, Executive Director, Oklahoma Child Care Resource & Referral Association, Oklahoma City, OK
3/25/14 House Education and the Workforce Subcommittee on Early Childhood. "The Foundation for Success: Strengthening the Child Care and Development Block Grant Program"
2/5/14 House Education and the Workforce Committee. ?The Foundation for Success: Discussing Early Childhood Education and Care in America?
COVID-19 Resources:
- HHS, ARP Child Care Stabilization Funding State Fact Sheets (October 2022) and Overview
- HHS, Early Childhood Training and Technical Assistance System, Stabilization Grant Applications for States and Territories
- H.R. 1319, American Rescue Plan (March 10, 2021). CCDBG statutory langugage
- HHS, American Rescue Plan State by State Funding ($14.9 billion for Child Care Assistance and $23.9 billion for Stabilization increases by state, 4/15/21)
- HHS, American Rescue Plan Tribal Funding Table, 4/15/21
- HHS, Office of Child Care American Rescue Plan Stabilization Grant Guidance, CCDF-ACF-IM-2021-02 (May 10, 2021)
- HHS, Office of Child Care American Rescue Plan Supplemental CCDBG Discretionary Fund Guidance (CCDF-ACF-IM-2021-03) (June 11, 2021)
- White House Fact Sheet (June 11, 2021)
- FY2021 Coronavirus Response & Relief Supplemental Appropriations (CRRSA), December 2020 CCDBG Statutory Text for $10 billion increase in funding
- FY2021 COVID Relief $10 billion state by state table (ACF, Office of Child Care, February 2021)
- HHS CRRSA Information Memorandum, CCDF-ACF-IM-2021-01 (Related to Spending CRRSA funding)
- FY2021 Consolidated Appropriations Act Tax Treatment of Paycheck Protection Program & EIDL Forgiveness
- The CARES Act (3/27/20) includes an increase of $3.5 billion in the Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG) in addition to the $550 million increase enacted in December as part of the FY20 Labor, HHS, and Education Appropriations legislation.
- CCDBG statutory text included in the CARES Act
- CCDBG $3.5 billion allocation to states (April 2020)
- HHS CARES Act Guidance, CCDF-ACF-IM-2020-01 (4/29/20)
- HHS, Office of Child Care COVID-19 Resources
- HHS, Office of Child Care COVID FAQs, School-age Q&A
- Early Learning Policy Group COVID-19 Resource Page
- GY 2021 State CCDF Allocations (Based on Appropriations)
- GY 2022 State CCDF Allocations (Based on Appropriations)
- FY 2023 State CCDF Allocations (Based on Appropriations)
- FY2024 CCDF Funding Allocations (Based on Appropriations)
- FY2024 Net Increase in CCDF Funding by State
- ARP Child Care Stabilization Funding State and Territory Fact Sheets (February 2023)
- Child Care and Development Fund Payment Rates by States (April 2023)
CCDBG Implementation Resources:
- HHS CCDF Final Rule (March 1, 2024)
- CCDF Final Rule Summary (March 2, 2024)
- CCDF Final Rule Waiver Guidance (ACF-OCC-CCDF-PI-24-03, April 23, 2024
- 2024 Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF) Final Rule (HHS Resource Page)
- HHS CCDF Proposed Rule (July 13, 2023)
- NPRM CCDF Rule Background Resources
- White House Fact Sheet, American Rescue Plan (April 15, 2021)
- FY2022-2024 CCDF State Plans
- FY2025-FY2027 CCDF State Plan and HHS web page
- Program Instruction for State Report for COVID-19 December $10 billion increase in child care (due 2/21)
- State Outlines for $10 billion Expenditure (March 2021)
- HHS FINAL CCDBG Regulations (Sept. 2016)
- Caring for Our Children Basics: Health and Safety Foundations for Early Care and Education (June 2015)
- Caring for Our Children (Health & Safety Website - APHS, AAP, et al)
- FY2019 State Compliance/Corrective Action Plans
- 7% Family Affordability Benchmark (Bipartisan Policy Center)
- Funding Sources to Address Lead in Water (HHS, ECD March 2023)
- CCDF Regs: Paying Above Market Rate for Quality (2016 Reg)
Sheila Hoyle, Executive Director, Southwestern Child Development Commission, Webster, NC
- 6/15/16 Senate HELP Committee. "Implementing the Child Care and Development Block Grant Act of 2014: Perspectives of Stakeholders"
- 2/6/14 Senate HELP Committee. "Supporting Children & Families through Investments in High-Quality Early Education"
- 7/26/12 Senate HELP Subcommittee on Children & Families. "CCDBG Reauthorization: Helping to Meet the Child Care Needs of American Families"
- 9/8/11 Senate HELP Subcommittee on Children & Families. "Examining Quality & Safety in Child Care: Giving Working Families Security, Confidence, & Peace of Mind"
- 6/9/11 Senate HELP Subcommittee on Children & Families. "Getting the Most Bang for the Buck: Quality Education and Care"
High Quality Early Learning Settings Depend On a High Quality Workforce: Low Compensation Undermines Quality (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Education) June 2016
- Background (Centers & Family Child Care Homes and Group FCC (March 2020)
- Family Child Care Home Regulation (How many children can be in the home before a license is required)
- Trends in Child Care Center Licensing Regulations and Policies for 2017 (ACF, March 2020)
- Trends in Family Child Care Home Licensing Requirements and Policies for 2017 (ACF, March 2020)
- Trends in Group Child Care Home Licensing Requirements and Policies for 2017 (ACF, March 2020)
- Addressing the Decreasing Number of Family Child Care Providers in the United States (ACF, March 2020)
- Resources about Supports and Systems for Improving Quality in Family Child Care
- Child Care Center Staff:Child Ratios by State vs NAEYC Recommended Ratios
- Caring for Children Database (National Resource Center for Health and Safety)
- National Survey of Early Care & Education (NSECE) Related Studies
- HHS, ACF Cost of Quality Calculator
- 2024 Poverty Guidelines, HHS
- Briefs about Health & Safety (ACF, July 2020
- Compendium of Measures and Indicators of Home-Based Child Care Quality (OPRE Report 2022-28), March 2022
- Coordinated Efficiencies in Monitoring and Oversight of Early Care and Education Programs (HHS & USDA, 2016)
- State Child Ratios by Use in Center-based Classrooms (June 2022)
- FCC State Licensing Thresholds (November 2023)
- Lead Teacher and Director Center-based Minimum Education, FCC Minimum Education by State (June 2022)
- Income Eligibility for Subsidy/SMI (March 2024)
- Enrollment vs Attendance Payments by State (June 2022)
- QRIS status by State and QRIS incentives (June 2022)
- NWLC Annual Subsidy Report (2022)
- Family Child Care Resources for Improving Business Practices (Tom Copeland, HHS Child Care Technical Assistance Network)
- Innovative Licensing: Infinite Possibilities to Grow the Child Care Supply (First Children's Finance, November 2021)
- QRIS by state and QRIS required participation for subsidy (FY2022-2024 state plans)
- Using Maps to Inform Decisions about Child Care and Early Education (OPRE, January 2023)
- States with online applications for child care subsidy (February 2023)
Child Care & Economic Impact
- Child Care and State Economies: 2019 Update, Committee for Economic Development (2019)
- FY2020 CCDBG Program Overall Statistics (Number of Children receiving assistance by setting)
- FY2020 Number of Children Served
- FY2020 Percent of Children by Type of Care
- FY2020 Children in Licensed/Regulated Care vs Unlicensed
- FY2020 Unlicensed Care: Relative vs Non-Relative Settings
- FY2020 Setting Detail by All Types of Care
- FY2020 Percentage of Children by Age Group
- FY2020 Percentage of Children by Race
- FY2020 Percentage of Children by Latino Ethnicity
- FY2020 Children by Race and Ethnicity
- FY2020 Percentage of Children by Age Group and Type of Care (National)
- FY2020 Average Monthly Hours by Age and Type of Care (National)
- FY2020 Average Payments by Age of Care (National)
- FY2020 CCDF by Receipt of TANF benefits
- FY2020 Reasons for Care
- FY2020 Average Monthly Co-Payment
- FY2020 Types of Payments
- FY2020 Consumer Education
- FY2020 Child Care Providers Receiving CCDF Funds
- FY2020 Monthly Average Head of Household Status
- FY2020 Family Homelessness Status
- FY2020 Primary Language Spoken in the Home
- FY2020 Children with a Disability
Prior Year State CCDBG Tables
Bipartisan Policy Center
Nationwide Child Care Poll:
- Parent Child Care Preferences, Are they Changing? (January 2021)
- Recorded webinar, slides, and analysis (January 2021)
- Child Care Costs Impact Families? Employment, Savings, and Future Planning (November 2019)
- Nationwide Parent Poll During COVID-19 (BPC, April 10, 2020)
CCR&R ACF Comments "Improving Access to Affordable, High-Quality Child Care: Request for Information" (December 2019)
Bipartisan Policy Center, What Keeps Employed Parents out of the Child Care System? (August 2022), Blog, Toplines, Slides, Webinar Recording
T.E.A.C.H. & WAGE$ Initiatives
National & State
State Resources
Committee for Economic Development Toolkits
- 2014 CCDBG Reauthorization mark up as enacted
- 2014 CCDBG Reauthorization markup incorporated/revised law in full
- Section 418 (42 U.S.C. 618) Child Care Mandatory Funds
- CRS, FY2021 Reconciliation Proposals (February 2021)
- Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (P.L. 104-193) Welfare Reform
Funding:
- GY2023 CCDF Allocations (Based on Appropriations)
- GY2022 CCDF Allocations (Based on Appropriations)
- GY 2021 CCDF Allocations (Based on Appropriations)
- FY2020 CCDF Allocations (Based on Appropriations includes CARES Act)
- FY2020 Federal CCDF Funding by State
- FY2019 CCDF Allocations
- FY2018 CCDF Allocations
- FY2017 CCDF Allocations
- FY2016 CCDF State Allocations
CCDF Expenditure Data
- FY2020 CCDF Expenditure Data
- FY2019 CCDF Expenditure Data
- FY2018 CCDF Expenditure Data
- FY2017 CCDF Expenditure Data
- FY2016 CCDF Expenditure Data
- FY2015 CCDF Expenditure Data
- FY2010-FY2019 CCDF Expenditure Data
TANF Child Care Expenditure Data
- FY2021 TANF Expenditures by Category (Tab 1 All Spending), (Tab 2 ECE Spending) FY2021 vs FY2020
- FY2021 TANF Transferred to CCDBG by State
- FY2021 TANF Expenditures (all tabs- U.S. and States)
- FY2020 TANF Expenditures
- FY2019 TANF expenditures
- FY2018 TANF expenditures
- FY2017 TANF Expenditures
- FY2016 TANF Expenditures
- FY2015 TANF Expenditures
- FY2014 TANF Expenditures
- FY2013 TANF Expenditures
- FY2012 TANF Expenditures
- FY2011 TANF Expenditures
- FY2010 TANF Expenditures
- FY2020 - FY2010 Summary All Child Care Data
Policy Background:
- CCDBG Act of 2014 (Text of Law)
- 2016 CCDBG Final Regulations
- Child Care State Plan Links
- 1996 CCDBG Law
- 1998 CCDBG Regulations
Military Child Care
- Making Quality Child Care Possible, Lessons Learned from NACCRRA's Military Partnerships (2008)
- Military Child Care and Systems (Deborah Phillips, 2014)
- Military Child Care and Systems Supporting Families (Future of Children, 2013)
- Lessons on Child Care, From the Military (NYT, August 31, 2021)
- Military Child Development Program: Background and Issues (CRS, March 2020)
- Military Child Care: DOD Efforts to Provide Affordable, Quality Care for Families (GAO, February 2023)
Select Newsletters
Child Care Blogs
- Child Care in the American Rescue Plan of 2021 (Bipartisan Policy Center, March 2021)
- Don?t Expect too Much too Soon: States will Need Help to Spend Historic Level of Child Care Investments (Bipartisan Policy Center, March 16, 2021)
- Evidence-Based Mental Health Interventions, Reduces Exclusionary Discipline and Promotes Well-Being (Bipartisan Policy Center, March 23, 2021)
- State Use of Supplemental CCDBG funds from the December COVID Legislation (Bipartisan Policy Center, March 17, 2021)
- Building Bipartisan Support for Child Care Toolkit (April 2021)
- 5 Reasons to Support Investments in Child Care Infastructure (April 27, 2021)
- Who's Paying Now? The Explicit and Implicit Costs of the Current Early Care and Education System (CSCCE UCLA Berkeley, 2020)
- 2016 CCDBG Final Regulations
- HHS Office of Child Care Key Resources for CCDBG Implementation Page
- Text of the CCDBG Reauthorization Act (PL113-186)
- Statements of Support from Key Stakeholders (Advocacy Groups)
- House Floor Debate (September 2014)
- Senate Floor Debate (November 2014)
- Side by Side Detailed Comparison Between 1996 Law and PL113-186 (2014 Law)
GAO Reports
- Child Care: Subsidy Eligibility and Receipt, and Wait Lists (February 2021)
- Employer-Provided Child Care Credit: Estimated Claims and Factors Limiting Wider Use (February 2022)
- Child Care: Subsidy Eligibility and Use in Fiscal Year 2019 and State Program Changes During the Pandemic, GAO-23-106073 (March 2023)
- Military Child Care: DOD Efforts to Provide Affordable, Quality Care for Families, GAO-23-105518 (February 2023)
- Child Care: Observations on States' Use of COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Funding (May 2023)
- Family Child Care Networks: Actions Needed to Better Assess Quality Improvement Efforts (May 2023)
- Child Care, Selected States are Taking Steps to Sustain Program Changes Implemented with COVID-19 Funding (March 2024)
- Military Child Care: Services Should Assess Their Employee Retention Efforts (May 2024)
Center for Law and Social Policy (CLASP)
- Inequitable Access to Child Care Subsidies (2019)
- Build Back Better State Child Care Funding Estimates (November 4, 2021)
ECE Workforce
- Professional Characteristics of the Early Care and Education Workforce: Descriptions by Race, Ethnicity, Languages Spoken, and Nativity Status (OPRE, December 2020)
- Demographic Characteristics of the Early Care and Education Workforce: Comparisons with Child and Community Characteristics (OPRE, December 2020)
- Center- and Program-Level Factors Associated with Turnover in the Early Childhood Education Workforce (Institute of Education Sciences, 2021)
- 2018 Early Childhood Workforce Index (CSCCE UCLA Berkeley, 2018)
- 2020 Early Childhood Workforce Index (CSCCE UCLA Berkeley, 2020)
- Who is Providing Home-based Early Care and Education? (NSECE, Fact Sheet 2015)
- Characteristics of Home-Based Early Care and Education Providers: Initial Findings from the National Survey of Early Care and Education, NSECE Technical Report, March 2016
- THE SHIFTING SUPPLY OF REGULATED FAMILY CHILD CARE IN THE U.S., A Literature Review and Conceptual Model (Erikson, 2021)
- The Commonwealth?s Brain Builders: Virginia Early Childhood Workforce Survey 2017 (Virginia Early Childhood Foundation)
- 2019 North Carolina Child Care Workforce Study (Child Care Services Association, 2020)
- Child care should be much more expensive (Washington Post Op-Ed, March 2023)
- Maine Dept. of Health and Human Services, Early Childhood Educator Workforce Salary Supplement Program
- Minnesota Dept. of Human Services, Great Start Compensation Support Payment Program
- Child Care Workforce Licensing Database (Bipartisan Policy Center, February 2024)
- Top-Down, Bottom-Up: Building a State Child Care Center Workforce (Bipartisan Policy Center, March 2024)
- KY Recruitment and Retention Child Care Workforce Eligibility for Subsidy Law (October 2022)
- Utah law 75% SMI and Child Care Workforce Eligibility for Subsidy (Effective May 1, 2024)
- In Effort to Entice Child Care Staff, More States Follow Kentucky’s Lead (Alliance for Early Success, April 2024)
- What We Know, Don't Know, and Should Know About the Child Care Workforce (Bipartisan Policy Center, April 30, 2024) State Profiles.
CCDBG Implementation Resources:
- Joint Facilities Guide USDA/HHS (Sept. 2021)
- State and Territory Child Care Stabilization Grant Applications (2021)
- Child Care Services Association ECE Workforce Related Stabilization Grants (2022)
- Preliminary Reports from FY2022-2024 State and Territory CCDF Plan Preprint
- Using CCDF to Improve Compensation for the Child Care Workforce (CCDF-ACF-IM-2022-02) September 12, 2022
- FY2022-2024 CCDF State Plans: Supporting Families Experiencing Homelessness: Child Care Policies
- Enrollment Subsidy Density for Programs Accepting CCDBG Subsidies (May 2023)
Preschool Development Grants B-5 (PDG B-5)
- PDG B-5 Grant Awards (January 2023)
- PDG B-5 Renewal Grant Opportunity (Sept. 13, 2022)
- PDG B-5 Planning Grant Opportunity (Sept. 13, 2022)
- PDG B-5 Information Memorandum (PDG B-5-ACF-IM-2022-01) Instructions for Requesting Changes in the Existing Scopes of Work to Increase Support for the Early Childhood Workforce (September 5, 2022)
Build Back Better Background
- Build Back Better Child Care Copayment Calculator (Hunt Institute)
- State Median Income Adjusted by Family Size FY2021
- 2021 Poverty Guidelines, HHS
- Build Back Better Act: Health Coverage Provisions Explained (Georgetown University Health Policy Institute, Center for Children and Families)
- Under 6 subsidy estimate (Center for American Progress, Dec. 2021)
- 2022 Federal Poverty Guidelines (January 2022)
- 2024 Federal Poverty Threshold by Percentage of Income (ASPE, January 2024)
Rethinking Child Care Subsidy Application Processing
- Opportunities to Streamline Enrollment Across Public Benefit Programs (Center on Budget & Policy Priorities, November 2017)
- Data Sharing in Public Benefit Programs: An Action Agenda for Removing Barriers (CLASP, First Focus, Single Stop USA, November 2012)
- Express Lane Eligibility Efforts: Lessons Learned from Early State Cross-Program Enrollment Initiatives (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2009)
- Express Lane Eligibility, Section 203, Children's Health Insurance Reauthorization Act of 2009 (PL111-3)
- Center for Medicaid and State Operations, Express Lane Eligibility Options (February 2010)
- Georgia Express Lane Eligibility, Medicaid and S-CHIP, 2021
- Confronting the Child Care Eligibility Maze (Urban Institute, 2013)
- States' Use of Technology to Improve Delivery of Benefits: Findings from the Work Support Strategies Evaluation (Urban Institute, 2016)
- Changing Policies to Streamline Access to Medicaid, SNAP, and Child Care Assistance: Findings from the Work Support Strategies Evaluation (Urban Institute, 2016)
- Assessing Child Care Subsidies through an Equity Lens: A Review of Policies and Practices in the Child Care and Development Fund (Urban Institute, 2021)
- A Flawed Agenda for America’s Young Children: Build Back Better’s Blueprint for Early Care and Education (Katharine Stevens, 2023)
Child Care Sub Pools
- Childcare Matters Substitute Service (The Community Foundation of Middle Tennessee)
- Apply for Childcare Matters Mid TN Substitute Service (The Community Foundation of Middle Tennessee)
- Childcare Connect Montana (Statewide)
- Child Care Staffing Solutions (Lorraine, Ohio)
- Wisconsin Early Education Shared Services Network (WEESSN, Relief Squad)
- Wisconsin Early Education Shared Services Relief Squad Educator (Jackson, Vernon & Monroe Counties, job description)
- Kentucky. Child Care Employment Solutions
- New Jersey Early Childhood Substitute Solutions, Be a Substitute; and Be a Participating Provider (Child Care Resources, Monmouth County NJ)
Homeless
Background Checks
- Noncriminal Justice Background Checks & the NICS
- Criminal History Records (background)
- Next Generation Identification Rap Back Services
- Survey of State Criminal History Information Systems, 2018 (Released November 2020)
- CJIS Noncriminal Rap Back Service (FBI)
- Barriers and Solutions to Implementing CCDBG Act Interstate Background Check Requirements (OPRE, 2022)
- States’ Status of and Identified Barriers to Implementation of the Child Care and Development Block Grant Act of 2014 Out-Of-State Background Check Requirements (OPRE, 2021)
- States are required to background check child care workers. Many are falling short. (The 19th, April 2023)
CCDBG Information at a Glance
- The Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF) Policies Database (Urban Institute)
- State CCDF Policies in Response to COVID-19 (2020-2021) (Urban Institute, Jan. 2023)
- Factsheet: Estimates of Child Care Eligibility & Receipt for Fiscal Year 2019 (HHS, ASPE, September 12, 2022)
- Key Cross-State Variations in CCDF Policies as of October 1, 2021: The CCDF Policies Database Book of Tables (OPRE, 2023)
- Appendix to the 2021 CCDF Policies Database Book of Tables: Child Care Subsidy Policies in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic from March 2021 to March 2022 (OPRE, 2023)
- Welfare Rules Databook: State TANF Policies as of July 2021 (OPRE 2023)
The Economic Impact of Paid Care in the U.S., a 4-Part Series (Committee for Economic Development, CED)
Child Care Prices
- Prices by County (USA Today, February 2023)
- National Database of Child Care Prices (U.S. Department of Labor, Women's Bureau)
- Child Care Prices by Age of Children and Care Setting Map (U.S. Department of Labor, Women's Bureau)
- Child Care Prices as a Share of Median Family Income by Age of Children and Care Setting (U.S. Department of Labor, Women's Bureau)
- Child Care Prices in Local Areas Initial Findings from the National Database of Child Care Prices (DOL, Women's Bureau, January 2023)
- Mothers’ Employment Three Years Later: An Assessment of Employment Loss and Recovery During the COVID-19 Pandemic (DOL, May 2023)
- Child care prices, inflation, and the end of federal pandemic-era aid in five charts (Washington Center for Equitable Growth, May 2023)
- Child care costs are outpacing inflation: Report (ABC News, May 2024)
- Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households in 2023 (Federal Reserve Board, May 2024)
Regulatory Background/Briefs
- Deregulation Won’t Solve Child Care... But It Will Decrease Safety and Supply (NAEYC August 2022)
- Deregulation Won’t Solve Child Care... But It Will Decrease Safety and Supply (NAEYC, Policy Brief, August 2022)
- Our Child Care Crisis is the Result of Underinvestment, not Overregulation (NAEYC, 2020)
- The Importance of Child Care Safety Protections (CAP, 2017)
Rural Challenges
- Child Care in Rural Areas - Top Challenges State by State Overview (NACCRRA, March 2010)
- Child Care in Rural Areas - Top Challenges Brief (NACCRA, July 2010)
- Insights on Access to Quality Child Care for Families Living in Rural Areas (Urban Institute, 2018)
- Bipartisan Policy Center, Rural Parents Poll Toplines (August 2021)
- Bipartisan Policy Center, Child Care in Rural America -What Have We Learned? (October 2021)
- Rural Child Care Policy Framework (BPC, October 2023)
- BPC Rural Panel Presentation, How Child Care in Rural Areas Can Unlock Economic Potential (November 1, 2023) Slides and Recording
National Survey of Early Care & Education (NSECE)
- Center-based Early Care and Education Providers in 2012 and 2019: Counts and Characteristics (OPRE, December 2021)
- Professional Characteristics of the Child Care and Early Education Workforce in 2012 and 2019: Descriptions by Race and Ethnicity, Languages Spoken, and Nativity Status (OPRE, 2023)
- Turnover in the Center-based Child Care and Early Education Workforce: Findings from the 2019 National Survey of Early Care and Education (OPRE, 2023)
- Wages of the Center-Based Child Care and Early Education Workforce: Findings from the 2019 National Survey of Early Care and Education (OPRE, 2023)
- Early Care and Education in Rural Communities (OPRE, 2020)
Shared Services Resources
- Opportunities Exchange Shared Services Conference (October 2023)
Child Care in State Economies: 2024 Update, Part 1, Recent Trends in Paid Child Care Usage (Committee for Economic Development, CED)
